doi: 10.62486/gen202466

ORIGINAL

Sustainable tourism and governance strategies in gentrification contexts: a bibliometric analysis

Turismo sostenible y estrategias de gobernanza en contextos de gentrificación: un análisis bibliométrico

Reniel Toledo Gómez¹ *, Yaremy García Hernández² *, Yasniel Sánchez Suárez¹ *

¹Universidad de Matanzas. Matanzas, Cuba.

²Hotel Start Fish Varadero. Matanzas, Cuba.

Cite as: Toledo Gómez R, García Hernández Y, Sánchez Suárez Y. Sustainable tourism and governance strategies in gentrification contexts: a bibliometric análisis. Gentrification. 2024; 2:66. https://doi.org/10.62486/gen202466

Submitted: 01-07-2023                   Revised: 11-11-2023                   Accepted: 16-03-2024                 Published: 17-03-2024

Editor: Estela Hernández-Runque

Corresponding author: Reniel Toledo Gómez *

ABSTRACT

Introduction: sustainable tourism can have significant impacts on gentrification processes, both positive and negative; the promotion of responsible tourism can contribute to the revitalization of deteriorated urban areas, attracting investments that improve local infrastructure and services. The objective of the research is to analyze the main lines of research related to sustainable tourism and governance strategies in gentrification contexts.

Method: a quantitative type of research was developed, based on a retrospective and descriptive study, with a bibliometric approach, in the SCOPUS database during the period from 2004 to 2024, with no language restriction, although priority was given to articles in English. The search formula was: TITLE-ABS-KEY (“gentrification” AND “Sustainable” AND “tourism”). A total of 65 research papers were collected.

Results: the behavior of the research was heterogeneous with a tendency of the research was characterized by a polynomial function with a confidence level of 41,85 %. Research articles in the area of social sciences predominated. The most productive country was Spain with 14 research papers. Four lines of scientific research were identified and developed that may constitute an agenda for future research.

Conclusions: sustainable tourism is presented as a powerful tool for the economic and cultural development of local communities, while promoting environmental conservation.

Keywords: Bibliometric Analysis; Governance Strategies; Gentrification; Sustainable Tourism.

RESUMEN

Introducción: el turismo sostenible puede tener impactos significativos en los procesos de gentrificación, tanto positivos como negativos, la promoción de un turismo responsable puede contribuir a la revitalización de áreas urbanas deterioradas, atrayendo inversiones que mejoran la infraestructura y los servicios locales. El objetivo de la investigación es analizar las principales líneas de investigación relacionadas con el turismo sostenible y las estrategias de gobernanza en contextos de gentrificación.

Método: se desarrolló una investigación de tipo cuantitativa, a partir de un estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo, con un enfoque bibliométrico, en la base de datos SCOPUS durante el período de 2004 a 2024, sin restricción en el idioma, aunque se priorizaron los artículos en idioma inglés. La fórmula de búsqueda quedó: TITLE-ABS-KEY(“gentrification” AND “Sustainable” AND “tourism”). Se recopiló un total de 65 investigaciones.

Resultados: el comportamiento de las investigaciones fue heterogéneo con una tendencia de las investigaciones estuvo caracterizada por una función polinómica con un nivel de confianza del 41,85 %. Predominaron los artículos de investigación en el área de las ciencias sociales. El país más productor fue España con 14 investigaciones. Se identificaron y desarrollaron cuatro líneas de investigación científicas que pueden constituir agenda para futuras investigaciones.

Conclusiones: el turismo sostenible se presenta como una herramienta poderosa para el desarrollo económico y cultural de las comunidades locales, al tiempo que promueve la conservación del medio ambiente.

Palabras clave: Análisis Bibliométrico; Estrategias de Gobernanza; Gentrificación; Turismo.

INTRODUCTION

Tourism is an activity that promotes the discovery of new cultures and landscapes⁽¹⁾ and boosts local communities' economic development.⁽²⁾ As travelers explore iconic and hidden destinations, they contribute to job creation⁽³⁾ and the maintenance of traditions.⁽⁴⁾ Sustainable tourism has become a growing trend,⁽⁵⁾ where visitors seek experiences that respect the environment and support local economies.^(6,7) From ecotourism in the Amazon rainforest to gastronomic tours in historic cities, every trip becomes an opportunity to connect, learn, and enjoy the world's diversity.^(8,9,10)

This type of tourism allows visitors to immerse themselves in the local culture and support the region's economy through the purchase of artisanal products and participation in community activities.⁽¹¹⁾ By choosing sustainable tourism, travelers not only enrich their personal experience but also contribute to a more balanced and respectful future for our planet.⁽¹²⁾

The main strategies for sustainable tourism management focus on integrated planning,⁽¹³⁾ education,⁽¹⁴⁾ and collaboration among all stakeholders.⁽¹⁵⁾ First, it is essential to develop a management plan that considers the responsible use of natural resources,⁽¹⁶⁾ the protection of biodiversity,⁽¹⁷⁾ and the preservation of cultural heritage.⁽¹⁸⁾ Education and awareness of tourists and operators on sustainable practices are equally crucial, encouraging responsible behaviors that minimize environmental impact.⁽¹⁹⁾

Collaboration between governments, businesses, and local communities can create effective synergies, ensuring that the benefits of tourism are distributed equitably and local traditions are respected.⁽²⁰⁾ Implementing innovative technologies,⁽²¹⁾ such as sustainable mobility applications⁽²²⁾ and waste management systems,⁽²³⁾ can also optimize the visitor experience while protecting the environment. Thus, sustainable tourism management not only improves the quality of life of communities but also enriches the traveler's experience, promoting tourism that respects and values the surrounding environment.

The main governance strategies for achieving sustainable tourism are based on collaboration among stakeholders and comprehensive tourism development planning.⁽¹⁵⁾ First, it is essential to encourage the active participation of local communities, the private sector, and government entities in decision-making and implementing tourism projects.⁽²⁴⁾ This makes it possible to align the interests of all parties and ensure that the benefits of tourism are distributed equitably.

Management plans that simultaneously consider sustainable tourism's environmental, economic, socio-cultural, and political-institutional dimensions should be developed.⁽²⁵⁾ Such plans should consider both global and local aspects, broadening the time and space horizon to allow for adaptation to the needs of present and future generations.

Sustainable tourism can significantly impact gentrification processes⁽²⁶⁾ both positively and negatively. On the one hand, promoting responsible tourism can contribute to revitalizing deteriorated urban areas, attracting investments that improve local infrastructure and services.⁽²⁷⁾ However, this same phenomenon can lead to rising housing prices and the transformation of the cultural identity of neighborhoods, displacing original residents in favor of tourists and new inhabitants with greater economic resources.

The process of gentrification, driven by tourism demand, often generates social and economic tensions, as local communities may be excluded from the benefits of tourism development.⁽²⁸⁾ To mitigate these effects, it is crucial to implement policies that regulate real estate development and promote the active participation of communities in tourism planning, ensuring that economic growth does not compromise their well-being and cultural heritage.

In this context, the research aims to analyze the main lines of research related to sustainable tourism and governance strategies in contexts of gentrification.

METHOD

A quantitative type of research was developed^(29,30) based on a retrospective and descriptive study⁽³¹⁾ with a bibliometric approach⁽³²⁾ in order to analyze the scientific production related to sustainable tourism and governance strategies in contexts of gentrification in the SCOPUS database (https://www.scopus.com/) during the period from 2004 to 2024, without language restriction. However, priority was given to articles in English.

The search formula was TITLE-ABS-KEY (“gentrification” AND “Sustainable” AND “tourism”). The inclusion criteria were to select all articles of relevance and quality that explicitly addressed the two thematic descriptors defined. The strategy was carried out on September 02, 2024, and 65 research papers (n=65) were collected. Two researchers independently downloaded and analyzed a “RIS” file format in the EndNote X8 bibliographic manager.

Bibliometric indicators

Trend indicator

· Trend of investigations per year: The number of investigations per year and their trend were analyzed based on the representation of the trend line and its level of fit (R2).

Production indicators

· Scientific production by type of document: An analysis was made of the number of research and review articles identified.

· Scientific production by area of knowledge: An analysis was made of the number of articles by area of knowledge.

· Scientific production by country: An analysis was made of the number of articles by country and the levels of introduction of results based on a density map.

Source of information: The indicators were obtained from the SCOPUS database, where .XLSX files in Excel format were downloaded.

Knowledge mapping

Vosviewer software and the Lens platform were used to create the knowledge maps, where the maps shown in the table below were constructed 1.

Table 1. Knowledge maps developed
Map	Description	Source
Keyword co-occurrence network	A keyword co-occurrence analysis was performed based on the bibliometric network map. An analysis of the main clusters was carried out to identify possible lines of research.	Vosviewer
Author collaboration network	An analysis of the collaboration between authors was carried out.	Vosviewer
Map of citations	An analysis was made of the main citations in the period, according to the level of access to the publications and the comparison between the levels of citations in open access or not.	Lens

RESULTS

The behavior of the research was heterogeneous (figure 1), where two main periods were evidenced, one from 2004 to 2019, with research between one and four per year, and the other from 2020 to 2024, with research between nine and 11 as a maximum peak in the period in the year 2020. One article published in the editorial period of a journal was found for the year 2025. The research trend was characterized by a polynomial function with a confidence level of 41,85 %.

Figure 1. Trend of investigations by year

Table 1 shows the scientific production by type of document, where it was evident that research articles predominated with a frequency of 45 documents, followed by events and book chapters with eight and five documents, respectively. The research was identified in 10 areas of knowledge, with 49 types of research, the most representative area being social sciences, followed by environmental sciences with 30 types of research, and energy with 18 types of research.

Table 2. Scientific production by type of document
Scientific production by type of document	Quantity
Research article	45
Event	8
Book chapter	5
Review article	4
Book	1
Conference review	1
Note	1

Research was conducted in 27 countries, and these countries were analyzed with four or more investigations (Figure 2). With 14 investigations, Spain was the highest-producing country, while China and the United Kingdom published seven articles each. Germany and Italy were the third highest-producing countries, with five research papers.

Figure 2. Scientific production by country

A co-occurrence analysis of keywords with a frequency equal to or greater than 4 (n≥4) was performed, where 24 items grouped into four clusters were identified (figure 3). A cluster analysis was performed to identify possible lines of scientific research.

Figure 3. Keyword cooccurrence network (n≥4)

Identification of lines of research

· Cluster 1 (8 items): Impact of tourism co-management on sustainable urban development from studying urban strategies and policies for tourist destinations.

This line of research could contribute to creating sustainable urban tourism models that align tourism development with the needs and expectations of local communities, thus promoting a balance between tourism growth and urban sustainability.

· Cluster 2 (6 items): Impact of gentrification and touristification in urban neighborhoods from planning strategies for sustainable tourism development.

This line of research could contribute to creating urban planning policies and practices that comprehensively address the challenges posed by gentrification and touristification, promoting tourism development that benefits visitors and local communities and preserves the authenticity and unique character of urban neighborhoods.

· Cluster 3 (6 items): Cultural Heritage Conservation in the Context of Urban Renewal in China: Strategies for the Sustainability of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

This line of research would contribute to creating a theoretical and practical framework that supports cultural heritage conservation in a context of rapid urban change, promoting development that respects and values China's rich cultural heritage.

· Cluster 4 (4 items): Impact of tourism gentrification on rural development

Through ecotourism with a focus on strategies for sustainable transition.

This line of research could contribute to creating policies and practices that comprehensively address the challenges posed by tourism gentrification in rural environments, promoting ecotourism development that benefits local communities, preserves their cultural and natural heritage, and ensures the long-term sustainability of these areas.

Figure 4 shows the collaboration network between authors with a level of cooccurrence equal to or greater than two (n≥2), where two main clusters were identified among the authors: García Hernández, M., Yubero, C. and Martínez Hernández, C.

Figure 4. Network of collaboration between authors (n≥2)

Figure 5 shows the map of citations where it is evident that the highest number of citations were from 2011 onwards, with an average concentration of 100 citations and maximum peaks of more than 300 citations.

Figure 5. Map of citations

DISCUSSION

Bibliometric studies are increasingly used to identify lines of research and organize indicators of scientific production.⁽³³⁾ Research has been developed in various areas of knowledge, including health sciences,^(34,35) production management,⁽³⁶⁾ tourism management,^(37,38) and also in the field of gentrification and urban management.⁽³⁹⁾

An analysis and confrontation were developed in light of the literature on the main contributions and research in the main lines of research identified, where each research cluster was associated with its line.

Line of Research 1 

The impact of tourism co-management on sustainable urban development is a crucial issue that deserves attention, especially in the context of the increasing pressures tourism destinations face.⁽⁴⁰⁾ Through the study of urban strategies and policies, innovative approaches can be identified that promote collaborative management between local authorities, tourism operators, and resident communities. This co-management allows balancing the economic needs of tourism with the preservation of urban resources and the inhabitants' quality of life.⁽⁴¹⁾ By implementing policies that encourage the active participation of all stakeholders, tourism models can be developed that meet visitor demand and ensure sustainable urban development while protecting the cultural and environmental heritage of cities.⁽¹⁵⁾

Line of research 2

The impact of gentrification and touristification on urban neighborhoods is a complex phenomenon requiring comprehensive planning to achieve sustainable tourism development. ⁽⁴²⁾ These processes of urban transformation, driven largely by the growth of tourism, can lead to significant changes in the social, cultural, and economic composition of neighborhoods, with the risk of displacing low-income residents and eroding local identity.⁽⁴³⁾ However, innovative urban planning strategies can mitigate these negative effects and promote tourism that benefits visitors and local communities.⁽⁴⁴⁾ This involves integrating the needs and aspirations of residents into decision-making about tourism development while preserving the diversity and authenticity of neighborhoods. In addition, it is crucial to develop management models that balance the economic interests of tourism with the long-term sustainability of urban resources. Through a participatory and holistic approach to planning, vibrant and resilient urban environments can be created where tourism contributes to the well-being of all stakeholders.⁽⁴⁵⁾

Line of research 3  

The conservation of cultural heritage in the context of urban renewal in China is a crucial challenge that requires effective strategies to ensure the sustainability of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.⁽⁴⁶⁾ As the country undergoes rapid urbanization, many historic cities face pressure to modernize, often losing their cultural and architectural identity. Integrating urban planning practices that prioritize the preservation of cultural heritage is essential to balance urban development with the protection of these valuable legacies.⁽⁴⁷⁾ This involves not only the restoration of historic structures but also the creation of spaces that encourage community participation and sustainable tourism, ensuring that the economic benefits of tourism do not compromise the cultural integrity of the sites. Adopting a holistic approach that combines modernization with conservation can promote an urban development model that respects and values China's rich cultural heritage, ensuring its legacy for future generations.⁽⁴⁸⁾

Line of research 4  

The impact of tourism gentrification on rural development through ecotourism is a phenomenon that poses significant challenges and opportunities for local communities. As ecotourism becomes a popular strategy to boost the rural economy, it can also result in gentrification processes that transform these areas' social and cultural structures.⁽⁴⁹⁾ This can result in the displacement of low-income residents and the loss of community identity as housing prices and living costs increase. Therefore, it is critical to implement strategies that facilitate a sustainable transition by promoting a model of ecotourism that prioritizes social equity and community participation.⁽⁵⁰⁾ This includes developing policies that regulate tourism, encourage the training of residents in tourism resource management, and ensure that the economic benefits of ecotourism are equitably distributed. By adopting a holistic approach that integrates environmental, social, and economic sustainability, the negative impact of tourism gentrification can be mitigated, and rural development can be strengthened in an inclusive and resilient manner.

Among the limitations of the present research is that it was only carried out in the Scopus database, it does not consider collaborative analyses between countries, nor a study of the most productive journals. These elements can be addressed in future research.

CONCLUSIONS

Sustainable tourism is a powerful tool for local communities' economic and cultural development while promoting environmental conservation. By implementing responsible practices and collaboration between different stakeholders, such as governments, businesses, and communities, it is possible to maximize the benefits of tourism, ensuring that economic growth does not compromise residents' cultural identity and well-being. Education and sustainability awareness are essential to encourage responsible behavior among tourists and operators, contributing to an enriching and environmentally friendly experience.

Sustainable tourism can lead to gentrification processes that impact local communities, generating social and economic conflicts. While the revitalization of urban areas can result in improvements in infrastructure and services, it is essential to establish policies that regulate real estate development and encourage the active participation of residents in tourism planning, a context where tools for capacity planning in services can be implemented. By addressing these challenges, it is possible to develop effective governance strategies that balance tourism development and preserve cultural and social values, ensuring that all stakeholders benefit equitably from the sector's growth.

The analysis of scientific production in tourism reveals a remarkable evolution in research, with a significant increase in the number of studies since 2020, indicating a growing interest in this field. The predominance of research articles, especially in areas such as social and environmental sciences, suggests that tourism is not only considered from an economic perspective but also from its social and environmental impact.

In addition, the geographic diversity of the research, covering 27 countries, highlights the global relevance of tourism and the need for context-specific approaches.

Despite the potential benefits of sustainable tourism, such as community revitalization and heritage conservation, significant challenges, such as gentrification and touristification in urban and rural areas, have also been identified. Planning policies that integrate community participation and sustainability is crucial to mitigate these negative effects. Emerging lines of research that address tourism co-management and cultural heritage conservation are fundamental to developing tourism models that balance economic growth with social and environmental well-being, thus ensuring a sustainable future for local communities.

REFERENCES

1. Mann P. A Paris of Their Own: Guidebooks for Anglo-American Female Travellers and the Rewriting of Mainstream Travel Culture. Journal of Victorian Culture. 2020;25(4):553-73. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.1093/jvcult/vcz060.

2. Troxler P, Roller M, Bandi Tanner M. The development of ski areas and its relation to the Alpine economy in Switzerland. Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics. 2024;160(1). Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.1186/s41937-024-00127-0.

3. Gatto A, Mosca R, Elia G, Piscopo P. Give me credit! Microcredit for sustainable development and ethical finance in Rione Sanità, Naples. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 2024;44(9-10):840-63. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-01-2024-0026.

4. Lonardi S, Unterpertinger Y. The Relevance of Intangible Cultural Heritage and Traditional Languages for the Tourism Experience: The Case of Ladin in South Tyrol. Sustainability (Switzerland). 2022;14(5). Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.3390/su14052729.

5. Li J, Zhang X, Gu Q, Zhang Z, Wang K, Xu Z. Spatiotemporal response of ecosystem services to tourism activities in urban forests. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. 2024;7. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1361101.

6. Ossorio M. Digital technologies for sustainable tourism: The case of ecobnb. Promoting Responsible Tourism With Digital Platforms2024. p. 60-71. http://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-3286-3.ch004.

7. Roriz A, Oliveira M, editors. Sustainability and Social Responsibility Guide: Good Practices Applied to Municipalities of Portugal. Proceedings of the International Conference on Tourism Research; 2023. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85178257727&partnerID=40&md5=b7110f5bfbb0911a9b779ff113f0b75a.

8. González Ávila DIN, Garzón Salazar, D. P., & Sánchez Castillo, V. Cierre de las empresas del sector turismo en el municipio de Leticia: una caracterización de los factores implicados. Región Científica. 2023;2(1):202342. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.58763/rc202342.

9. Samal R, Dash M. Stakeholder engagement in advancing sustainable ecotourism: an exploratory case study of Chilika Wetland. Discover Sustainability. 2024;5(1). Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-024-00233-2.

10. Shang Y, Yang Q, Pu Y. Role of foreign direct Investment and political openness in boosting the eco-tourism sector for achieving sustainability. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 2024;11(1). Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02592-z.

11. Liu J, Li Z, Zhang Z, Xie L, Wu J. Evaluation and Optimization of Interior Circadian Daylighting Performance for the Elderly in Traditional Dwellings: A Case Study in Western Hunan, China. Sustainability (Switzerland). 2024;16(9). Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.3390/su16093563.

12. Gracia Rojas JS, Navarro Tamayo T, Pedraza Hernández LD, Lesmes Fabian CA. Entomoturismo académico como estrategia para la conservación de lepidópteros en el Meta, Colombia. Región Científica. 2024;3(2):2024317. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.58763/rc2024317.

13. Zhang F, Lv Y, Sarker MNI. Resilience and recovery: A systematic review of tourism governance strategies in disaster-affected regions. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2024;103. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104350.

14. Sima M, Dumitrascu M, Grigorescu I, Costache A. Tourists’ perception of socio-cultural values of ecosystem services and management perspectives at the Vadu wild beach, Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, Romania. Ocean and Coastal Management. 2024;257. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107312.

15. Phabiano E, Sumarwan A. Examining the Collaboration among Actors in Managing Sustainable Tourism: A case study of Kasongan Tourism Village. PROCEEEDINGS. 2024:145-59. Disponible en: https://repository.usd.ac.id/51474/1/11780_PROCEEDINGS%2BTHE%2B3RD%2BICEBMR%2B2024%2B-%2BISSN%2B3032-596X%2B-%2BVol%2B3%2C%2B2024.pdf#page=156.

16. Achmad W, Yulianah Y. Corporate social responsibility of the hospitality industry in realizing sustainable tourism development. Enrichment: Journal of Management. 2022;12(2):1610-6. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.35335/enrichment.v12i2.447.

17. Pineiro-Chousa J, López-Cabarcos MÁ, Romero-Castro N, Vázquez-Rodríguez P. Sustainable tourism entrepreneurship in protected areas. A real options assessment of alternative management options. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development. 2021;33(3-4):249-72. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2021.1872937.

18. Rueda Márquez de la Plata A, Cruz Franco PA, Ramos Sánchez JA. Architectural survey, diagnostic, and constructive analysis strategies for monumental preservation of cultural heritage and sustainable management of tourism. Buildings. 2022;12(8):1156. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081156.

19. Pan Y, Liu J-G. Antecedents for college students’ environmentally responsible behavior: Implications for collective impact and sustainable tourism. Sustainability. 2018;10(6):2024. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.3390/su10062024.

20. Marco F, Ordóñez Andrade M. Políticas de empleo en la planificación turística local de Ecuador: herramientas para su formulación: CEPAL; 2005. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/5939/1/S056456_es.pdf.

21. Ali A, J. Frew A. ICT and sustainable tourism development: an innovative perspective. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology. 2014;5(1):2-16. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-12-2012-0034.

22. Efthimiosa B, Charalamposb K, Chatziioannouc I, Evanthiad B, Vasiliose Z. Sustainable mobility planning as a means of resetting tourism industry in the post-Covid-19 era. Proceedings Book. 2021:117. Disponible en: https://iconline.ipleiria.pt/bitstream/10400.8/7276/1/CITUR_2020_Proceedings%20Book%20ITC20.pdf#page=128.

23. Perkumienė D, Atalay A, Safaa L, Grigienė J. Sustainable waste management for clean and safe environments in the recreation and tourism sector: a case study of Lithuania, Turkey and Morocco. Recycling. 2023;8(4):56. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8040056.

24. Tabatabaei F, Oshriyeh O, Beldona S. Towards Sustainability: Exploring Community Involvement in Tourism Development. Tourism Planning & Development. 2024:1-31. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2024.2392788.

25. Proaño Ponce WP, Ramírez Pérez JF. Modelo de Desarrollo Turístico Sostenible para cantones costeros: herramienta para actores locales de Manabí, Ecuador. Posgrado y Sociedad Revista Electrónica del Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado. 2017;15(2):65-78. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.22458/rpys.v15i2.1965.

26. Macías Mendoza GJ, Russo AP. Touristification and Gentrification in Spain: Perspectives and Challenges for the Post-pandemic Era. Geographies of Tourism and Global Change. Part F14842023. p. 321-40. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39780-6_17.

27. Petrović MD, Gajić T, Turgel ID, Radovanović MM, Bugrova ED. Fostering Sustainable Urban Tourism in Predominantly Industrial Small-Sized Cities (SSCs)—Focusing on Two Selected Locations. Sustainability. 2024;16(14):6086. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.3390/su16146086.

28. Ledhesma M. Tipos de turismo: nueva clasificación. Buenos aires. 2018;1:66-86. Disponible en: https://frrq.cvg.utn.edu.ar/pluginfile.php/15091/mod_resource/content/0/Tipos%20de%20turismo,%20nueva%20clasificaci%C3%B3n%20-%20Manuel%20Ledhesma.pdf.

29. Bernal-Rodríguez J, Dueñas-Reyes E, Sánchez-Suárez Y. La simulación y el cronometraje de operaciones para el cálculo de recursos. Caso: Restaurante Buffet. Ingeniería Industrial. 2022;43(3):1-14. Disponible en: https://rii.cujae.edu.cu/index.php/revistaind/article/download/1172/1084.

30. Sánchez Suárez Y, Pérez Gamboa AJ, Hernández Nariño A, Yang Díaz-Chieng L, Marqués León M, Pancorbo Sandoval JA, et al. Cultura hospitalaria y responsabilidad social: un estudio mixto de las principales líneas para su desarrollo. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología-Serie de Conferencias. 2023;2:451-. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.56294/sctconf2023451.

31. Sánchez Suárez Y, Marqués León M, Hernández Nariño A, Suárez Pérez MM. Metodología para el diagnóstico de la gestión de trayectorias de pacientes en hospitales. Región Científica. 2023;2(2):2023115. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.58763/rc2023115.

32. Sangroni-Laguardia N, Medina-Nogueira YE, Tápanes-Suárez E, Santos-Pérez O, Pérez-Castañeira JA, Sánchez-Suárez Y. Principales modelos de gestión de calidad de vida urbana asociada al transporte. Ingeniería Industrial. 2021;42(3):42-53. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/rii/v42n3/1815-5936-rii-42-03-30.pdf.

33. Sánchez-Suárez Y, Marqués-León M, Sánchez-Castillo V. Markov chains in the improvement of hospital patient flows: a bibliometric analysis. Revista Médica Electrónica. 2024;46. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/rme/v46/1684-1824-rme-46-e5500.pdf.

34. Sampaio T, Marinho DA, Bragada JA, Morais JE. Bibliometric Review of the Step Test: A Comprehensive Analysis of Research Trends and Development. Sports Medicine - Open. 2024;10(1). Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-024-00764-y.

35. Yiming S, Xinming Y, Liqun C, Aining L. Bibliometric analysis of vertigo-related histopathology, vestibular rehabilitation, physical rehabilitation, and Chinese and Western medical treatments. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research. 2024;28(34):5500-7. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.12307/2024.839.

36. Liu Q, Ma Y, Chen L, Pedrycz W, Skibniewski MJ, Chen ZS. Artificial intelligence for production, operations and logistics management in modular construction industry: A systematic literature review. Information Fusion. 2024;109. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2024.102423.

37. Al Rousan R, Khasawneh N. Mapping 30 years of tourism and hospitality research in the Arab world: a review based on bibliometric analysis. Tourism Review. 2024;79(6):1280-98. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.1108/TR-04-2023-0201.

38. Benhaida S, Safaa L, Perkumienė D, Labanauskas G. Creative Tourism: Two Decades of Conceptual Evolution and Characterization. Administrative Sciences. 2024;14(8). Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14080172.

39. Widianto HW, Ahdiyana M, Pambudi A, Agustanta N, editors. A bibliometric analysis of tourism gentrification. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science; 2024. http://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012044.

40. Suárez Falcón H, Verano Tacoronte D, García Santana A. La movilidad urbana sostenible y su incidencia en el desarrollo turístico. Gestión y ambiente. 2016;19(1):48-63. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1694/169446378003.pdf.

41. Libertun de Duren N. Las ciudades como espacios de oportunidades para todos: cómo construir espacios públicos para personas con discapacidad, niños y mayores. 2022. Disponible en: http://riberdis.cedid.es/bitstream/handle/11181/6528/Las_ciudades_como_espacios_de_oportunidades_para_todos.pdf?sequence=1.

42. Crespi-Vallbona M, Ortiz SAG, Zuñiga MAL. Desarrollo turístico inclusivo socialmente. El caso de los desmovilizados en la región del Chocó, Colombia. Cuadernos Geográficos. 2019;58(1):157-79. Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.30827/cuadgeo.v58i1.6759.

43. Bertoncello R, Troncoso C. La ciudad como objeto de deseo turístico: renovación urbana, cultura y turismo en Buenos Aires y Salta (Argentina). Gran Tour, Revista de Investigaciones Turísticas. 2014(9). Disponible en: https://www.eutm.es/journal/index.php/gt/article/view/12/11.

44. Alvarado López RA. Ciudad inteligente y sostenible: hacia un modelo de innovación inclusiva. PAAKAT: revista de tecnología y sociedad. 2018;7(13). Disponible en: http://doi.org/10.32870/pk.a7n13.299.

45. De la hoz Hernández KA. Plan parcial de renovación urbana como instrumento de adaptación al entorno urbano en la ciudad cuidadora: Barrio Santa fe 2030 al 2050 [Tesis de diploma]. Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad La Gran Colombia; 2023. https://repository.ugc.edu.co/server/api/core/bitstreams/ce4d80ea-bdf7-47ae-8346-ccf4fb1773e0/content.

46. Assumma V, Barbieri S, Bottero M, Caprioli C, editors. Supporting the Planning Management of UNESCO Sites: A Literature Review Between Urban Showcase and Gentrification. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics); 2024. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65308-7_11.

47. Cabrera Gonzalez JM. Dinámicas socioespaciales en la frontera urbano-rural de Bogotá: un análisis de la vía a La Calera y sus contrastes socioeconómicos [Tesis de diploma]: Universidad Pedagógica Nacional; 2024. http://repository.pedagogica.edu.co/bitstream/handle/20.500.12209/20173/Din%C3%A1micas%20socioespaciales%20en%20la%20frontera%20urbano.pdf?sequence=1.

48. Vargas Zapata E. Planes Especiales de Manejo y Protección (PEMP) en centros históricos de Colombia. Directrices internacionales y lineamientos normativos nacionales en la materia [Tesis de diploma]. Cartagena de Indias, Colombia: Universidad de Cartagena; 2023. https://repositorio.unicartagena.edu.co/server/api/core/bitstreams/a72484f5-f0a2-47bd-ab0e-c4ba24a62d2a/content.

49. López Palomeque F, Vera-Rebollo JF, Torres Delgado A, Ivars-Baidal J. El turismo,¿ fin de época? Desafíos de España como destino turístico en un nuevo escenario. Universidad de Valencia. 2022. Disponible en: http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/PUV-OA-863-4.

50. Benavides Góngora E. Lineamientos de Planificación Urbano–Regional Para Construir Ciudades Sustentantes en Colombia (Caso de Estudio: San Juan de Pasto–Nariño) [Tesis de maestría]. Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas (Colombia); 2017. https://www.proquest.com/openview/b50766fcc5251c846876df1409b14ea0/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y.

FINANCING

The authors did not receive funding for the development of this research.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTION

Conceptualization: Reniel Toledo Gómez.

Data Curation: Yaremy García Hernández, Yasniel Sánchez Suárez.

Formal analysis: Reniel Toledo Gómez.

Research: Reniel Toledo Gómez.

Methodology: Reniel Toledo Gómez, Yasniel Sánchez Suárez.

Project Administration: Reniel Toledo Gómez.

Resources: Yaremy García Hernández.

Software: Reniel Toledo Gómez, Yasniel Sánchez Suárez.

Supervision: Yaremy García Hernández, Yasniel Sánchez Suárez.

Validation: Yaremy García Hernández.

Visualization: Reniel Toledo Gómez.

Editing - original draft: Reniel Toledo Gómez.

Writing - proofreading and editing: Yaremy García Hernández, Yasniel Sánchez Suárez.